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Compare Rwanda (2001) - East Timor (2003)

Compare Rwanda (2001) z East Timor (2003)

 Rwanda (2001)East Timor (2003)
 RwandaEast Timor
Administrative divisions 12 prefectures (in French - prefectures, singular - prefecture; in Kinyarwanda - plural - NA, singular - prefegitura); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali Rurale, Kigali-ville, Umutara, Ruhengeri 13 administrative districts; Aileu, Ainaro, Baucau, Bobonaro (Maliana), Cova-Lima (Suai), Dili, Ermera, Lautem (Los Palos), Liquica, Manatuto, Manufahi (Same), Oecussi (Ambeno), Viqueque
Age structure 0-14 years:
42.4% (male 1,555,878; female 1,544,942)

15-64 years:
54.73% (male 1,989,501; female 2,013,012)

65 years and over:
2.87% (male 83,769; female 125,654) (2001 est.)
NA (2003 est.)
Agriculture - products coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; livestock coffee, rice, maize, cassava, sweet potatoes, soybeans, cabbage, mangoes, bananas, vanilla
Airports 8 (2000 est.) 8 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways total:
4

over 3,047 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
2

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
total: 3


2,438 to 3,047 m: 1


1,524 to 2,427 m: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
4

914 to 1,523 m:
1

under 914 m:
3 (2000 est.)
total: 5


914 to 1,523 m: 3


under 914 m: 2 (2002)
Area total:
26,338 sq km

land:
24,948 sq km

water:
1,390 sq km
total: 15,007 sq km


land: NA sq km


water: NA sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Maryland slightly larger than Connecticut
Background In 1959, three years before independence, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with several political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions culminating in April 1994 in the genocide of roughly 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The Tutsi rebels defeated the Hutu regime and ended the killing in July 1994, but approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zaire, now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC). Since then most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda. Despite substantial international assistance and political reforms - including Rwanda's first local elections in March 1999 - the country continues to struggle to boost investment and agricultural output and to foster reconciliation. A series of massive population displacements, a nagging Hutu extremist insurgency, and Rwandan involvement in two wars over the past four years in the neighboring DROC continue to hinder Rwanda's efforts. The Portuguese colony of Timor declared itself independent from Portugal on 28 November 1975 and was invaded and occupied by Indonesian forces nine days later. It was incorporated into Indonesia in July 1976 as the province of East Timor. A campaign of pacification followed over the next two decades, during which an estimated 100,000 to 250,000 individuals lost their lives. On 30 August 1999, in a UN-supervised popular referendum, the people of East Timor voted for independence from Indonesia. During 1999-2001, pro-integrationist militias - supported by Indonesia - conducted indiscriminate violence. On 20 May 2002, East Timor was internationally recognized as an independent state and the world's newest democracy.
Birth rate 33.97 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 27.75 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Budget revenues:
$198 million

expenditures:
$411 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
revenues: $36 million


expenditures: $97 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2003 est.)
Capital Kigali Dili
Climate temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons
Coastline 0 km (landlocked) 706 km
Constitution on 5 May 1995, the Transitional National Assembly adopted as Fundamental Law the constitution of 18 June 1991, provisions of the 1993 Arusha peace accord, the July 1994 Declaration by the Rwanda Patriotic Front, and the November 1994 multiparty protocol of understanding 22 March 2002 (based on the Portuguese model)
Country name conventional long form:
Rwandese Republic

conventional short form:
Rwanda

local long form:
Republika y'u Rwanda

local short form:
Rwanda

former:
Ruanda
conventional long form: Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste


conventional short form: East Timor


local long form: Republika Demokratika Timor Lorosa'e [Tetum]; Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste [Portuguese]


local short form: Timor Lorosa'e [Tetum]; Timor-Leste [Portuguese]


former: Portuguese Timor
Currency Rwandan franc (RWF) US dollar (USD)
Death rate 21.13 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 6.41 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Debt - external $1.3 billion (1999) $NA
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador George M. STAPLES

embassy:
Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali

mailing address:
B. P. 28, Kigali

telephone:
[250] 756 01 through 03, 721 26, 771 47

FAX:
[250] 721 28
chief of mission: Ambassador Grover Joseph REES


embassy: Vila 10, Avenida de Portugal, Farol, Dili


mailing address: Department of State, 8250 Dili Place, Washington, DC 20521-8250


telephone: (670) 332-4684, 331-3205/3160/3472


FAX: (670) 331-3206
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Richard SEZIBERA

chancery:
1714 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009

telephone:
[1] (202) 232-2882

FAX:
[1] (202) 232-4544
chief of mission: Ambassador Jose Luis GUTERRES


chancery: 3415 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, DC 20007


telephone: 202 965-1515


FAX: 202 965-1517


consulate(s) general: New York (the ambassador resides in New York) (2003)
Disputes - international Rwandan military forces are supporting the rebel forces in the civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee meets regularly to survey and delimit the land boundary; some East Timor refugees delay return from camps in Indonesia; maritime delimitation and resource-sharing agreements signed with Australia resolved dispute over "Timor Gap" hydrocarbon reserves, but maritime agreement with Indonesia awaits further discussions
Economic aid - recipient $591.5 million (1997); note - in summer 1998, Rwanda presented its policy objectives and development priorities to donor governments resulting in multiyear pledges in the amount of $250 million $2.2 billion (1999-2002 est.)
Economy - overview Rwanda is a rural country with about 90% of the population engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture. It is the most densely populated country in Africa; is landlocked; and has few natural resources and minimal industry. Primary exports are coffee and tea. The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and eroded the country's ability to attract private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made significant progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy. GDP has rebounded, and inflation has been curbed. In June 1998, Rwanda signed an Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) with the IMF. Rwanda has also embarked upon an ambitious privatization program with the World Bank. Continued growth in 2001 depends on the maintenance of international aid levels and the strengthening of world prices of coffee and tea. In late 1999, about 70% of the economic infrastructure of East Timor was laid waste by Indonesian troops and anti-independence militias, and 260,000 people fled westward. Over the next three years, however, a massive international program, manned by 5,000 peacekeepers (8,000 at peak) and 1,300 police officers, led to substantial reconstruction in both urban and rural areas. By mid-2002, all but about 50,000 of the refugees had returned. The country faces great challenges in continuing the rebuilding of infrastructure and the strengthening of the infant civil administration. One promising long-term project is the planned development of oil resources in nearby waters.
Electricity - consumption 191.8 million kWh (1999) NA kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports 1 million kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports 70 million kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - production 132 million kWh (1999) NA kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
3.03%

hydro:
96.97%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
fossil fuel: 100%


hydro: 0%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2001)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Rusizi River 950 m

highest point:
Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m
lowest point: Timor Sea, Savu Sea, and Banda Sea 0 m


highest point: Foho Tatamailau 2,963 m
Environment - current issues deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching widespread use of slash and burn agriculture has led to deforestation and soil erosion
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban

signed, but not ratified:
Law of the Sea
NA
Ethnic groups Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1% Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chinese minority
Exchange rates Rwandan francs per US dollar - 432.24 (January 2001), 389.70 (2000), 333.94 (1999) 312.31 (1998), 301.53 (1997), 306.82 (1996) see US dollar
Executive branch chief of state:
President Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME (FPR) (since 22 April 2000)

head of government:
Prime Minister Bernard MAKUZA (since 8 March 2000)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:
normally the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special election for new president by deputies of the National Assembly and governmental ministers held 17 April 2000 (next national election to be held NA 2003); prime minister is appointed by the president

election results:
Paul KAGAME (FPR) elected president in a special parliamentary/ministerial ballot receiving 81 of a possible 86 votes
chief of state: President Jose Alexander GUSMAO (since 20 May 2002); note - the president plays a largely symbolic role but is able to veto some legislation; he often is referred to as Xanana GUSMAO


head of government: Prime Minister Mari Bin Amude ALKATIRI (since 20 May 2002)


cabinet: Council of State


elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 14 April 2002 (next to be held NA April 2007); after the first legislative elections, the leader of the majority party was appointed prime minister by the president, suggesting a precedent for the future


election results: Jose Alexander GUSMAO elected president; percent of vote - Jose Alexander GUSMAO 82.7%, Francisco Xavier do AMARAL 17.3%
Exports $68.4 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $8 million (2001 est.)
Exports - commodities coffee, tea, hides, tin ore coffee, sandalwood, marble; note - the potential for oil and vanilla exports
Exports - partners Germany, Belgium, Pakistan, Italy, Kenya NA
Fiscal year calendar year 1 July - 30 June
Flag description three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band red, with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a slightly longer yellow arrowhead that extends to the center of the flag; there is a white star in the center of the black triangle
GDP purchasing power parity - $6.4 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $440 million (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
40%

industry:
20%

services:
40% (2000 est.)
agriculture: 25.4%


industry: 17.2%


services: 57.4% (2001)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $900 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $500 (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 5.8% (2000 est.) 18% (2001 est.)
Geographic coordinates 2 00 S, 30 00 E 8 50 S, 125 55 E
Geography - note landlocked; predominantly rural population Timor comes from the Malay word for "Orient;" the island of Timor is part of the Malay Archipelago and is the largest and easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands
Heliports - 1 (2002)
Highways total:
12,000 km

paved:
1,000 km

unpaved:
11,000 km (1997 est.)
total: 3,800 km


paved: 428 km


unpaved: 3,372 km (1995)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
4.2%

highest 10%:
24.2% (1983-85)
lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
Illicit drugs - NA
Imports $245.9 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $237 million (2001 est.)
Imports - commodities foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material mainly food (2001)
Imports - partners Kenya, Tanzania, US, Benelux, France, India NA
Independence 1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship) 28 November 1975 (date of proclamation of independence from Portugal); note - 20 May 2002 is the official date of international recognition of East Timor's independence from Indonesia
Industrial production growth rate 8.7% (1998 est.) 8.5%
Industries cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes printing, soap manufacturing, handicrafts, woven cloth
Infant mortality rate 118.92 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) total: 50.47 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 57.05 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 43.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 4% (2000) NA%
International organization participation ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO AsDB, IBRD, ICCt, IDA, IMF, Interpol, UN, WHO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 1 (2000) NA
Irrigated land 40 sq km (1993 est.) 1,065 sq km (est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court; communal courts; appeals courts Supreme Court of Justice, one judge appointed by the National Parliament and the rest appointed by the Superior Council for the Judiciary
Labor force 3.6 million NA
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 90% NA
Land boundaries total:
893 km

border countries:
Burundi 290 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 217 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km
total: 228 km


border countries: Indonesia 228 km
Land use arable land:
35%

permanent crops:
13%

permanent pastures:
18%

forests and woodland:
22%

other:
12% (1993 est.)
arable land: NA%


permanent crops: NA%


other: NA%
Languages Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English


note: there are about 16 indigenous languages; Tetum, Galole, Mambae, and Kemak are spoken by significant numbers of people
Legal system based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction UN-drafted legal system based on Indonesian law (2002)
Legislative branch unicameral Transitional National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale de Transition (a power-sharing body with 70 seats established on 12 December 1994 following a multiparty protocol of understanding; members were named by their parties, number of seats per party predetermined by the Arusha peace accord)

note:
four additional seats, two for women and two for youth, added in 2001

elections:
the last national legislative elections were held 16 December 1988 for the National Development Council (the legislature prior to the advent of the Transitional National Assembly); no elections have been held for the Transitional National Assembly as the distribution of seats was predetermined by the Arusha peace accord

election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FPR 13, MDR 13, PSD 13, PL 13, PDC 6, RPA 6, PSR 2, PDI 2, UDPR 2; note - the distribution of seats was predetermined, four additional seats (two for women and two for youth) added in 2001
unicameral National Parliament (number of seats can vary, minimum requirement of 52 and a maximum of 65 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms); note - for its first term of office, the National Parliament is comprised of 88 members on an exceptional basis


elections: last held 30 August 2001 (next to be held NA August 2006)


election results: percent of vote by party - FRETILIN 57.37%, PD 8.72%, PSD 8.18%, ASDT 7.84%, UDT 2.36%, PNT 2.21%, KOTA 2.13%, PPT 2.01%, PDC 1.98%, PST 1.78%, independents/other 5.42%; seats by party - FRETILIN 55, PD 7, PSD 6, ASDT 6, PDC 2, UDT 2, KOTA 2, PNT 2, PPT 2, UDC/PDC 1, PST 1, PL 1, independent 1
Life expectancy at birth total population:
38.99 years

male:
38.35 years

female:
39.65 years (2001 est.)
total population: 65.2 years


male: 62.97 years


female: 67.55 years (2003 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
48%

male:
52%

female:
45% (1995 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 48% (2001)


male: NA%


female: NA%
Location Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo Southeastern Asia, northwest of Australia in the Lesser Sunda Islands at the eastern end of the Indonesian archipelago; note - East Timor includes the eastern half of the island of Timor, the Oecussi (Ambeno) region on the northwest portion of the island of Timor, and the islands of Pulau Atauro and Pulau Jaco
Map references Africa Southeast Asia
Maritime claims none (landlocked) contiguous zone: NA NM


exclusive fishing zone: NA NM


continental shelf: NA NM


exclusive economic zone: NA NM


territorial sea: NA NM


extended fishing zone: NA NM
Merchant marine - total: NA


ships by type: NA
Military branches Army, Navy, Air Force The East Timor Defense Force or FALINTIL-FDTL comprises a light-infantry Army and a small Naval component; note - plans are to develop a force of 1,500 active personnel and 1,500 reserve personnel over the next five years
Military expenditures - dollar figure $58 million (FY01) $4.4 million (FY03)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 3.2% (FY01) NA%
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
1,815,633 (2001 est.)
NA
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
924,544 (2001 est.)
NA
Military manpower - military age - 18-21 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually - NA
National holiday Independence Day, 1 July (1962) Independence Day, 28 November (1975)
Nationality noun:
Rwandan(s)

adjective:
Rwandan
noun: Timorese


adjective: Timorese
Natural hazards periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo floods and landslides are common; earthquakes, tsunamis, tropical cyclones
Natural resources gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land gold, petroleum, natural gas, manganese, marble
Net migration rate -1.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Pipelines - NA
Political parties and leaders Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Jean-Nipomuscene NAYINZIRA]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Charles NTAKIRUTINKA, Vincent BIRUTA, Augusin IYAMUREMYE]; Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA]; Democratic Republican Movement or MDR [Celestin KABANDA, Emile NTWARABAKIGA, Christian MARARA]; Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal Party or PL [Pie MUGABO, Enock KABERA, Prosper MUGIRANEZA]; Rwanda Patriotic Army or RPA [Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME, commander]; Rwanda Patriotic Front or FPR [Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME]; Rwandan Socialist Party or PSR [Medard RUTIJANWA] Associacao Social-Democrata Timorense or ASDT [Francisco Xavier do AMARAL]; Christian Democratic Party of Timor or PDC [Antonio XIMENES]; Christian Democratic Union of Timor or UDC [Vicente da Silva GUTERRES]; Democratic Party or PD [Fernando de ARAUJO]; Liberal Party or PL [leader NA]; Maubere Democratic Party or PDM [leader NA]; People's Party of Timor or PPT [Jacob XAVIER]; Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor or FRETILIN [Lu OLO]; Social Democrat Party of East Timor or PSD [Mario CARRASCALAO]; Socialist Party of Timor or PST [leader NA]; Sons of the Mountain Warriors (also known as Association of Timorese Heroes) or KOTA [Clementino dos Reis AMARAL]; Timor Democratic Union or UDT [Joao CARRASCALAO]; Timor Labor Party or PTT [Paulo Freitas DA SILVA]; Timorese Nationalist Party or PNT [Abilio ARAUJO]; Timorese Popular Democratic Association or APODETI [Frederico Almeida-Santos DA COSTA]
Political pressure groups and leaders IBUKA - association of genocide survivors NA
Population 7,312,756

note:
estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)
997,853


note: other estimates range as low as 800,000 (2002 est.) (July 2003 est.)
Population below poverty line 70% (2000 est.) 42% (2002 est.)
Population growth rate 1.16% (2001 est.) 2.13% (2003 est.)
Ports and harbors Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye NA
Radio broadcast stations AM 0, FM 3, shortwave 1 (1998) AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
Radios 601,000 (1997) -
Railways 0 km 0 km
Religions Roman Catholic 52.7%, Protestant 24%, Adventist 10.4%, Muslim 1.9%, indigenous beliefs and other 6.5%, none 4.5% (1996) Roman Catholic 90%, Muslim 4%, Protestant 3%, Hindu 0.5%, Buddhist, Animist (1992 est.)
Sex ratio at birth:
1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.67 male(s)/female

total population:
0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female


total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal adult 17 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment:
telephone system primarily serves business and government

domestic:
the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the prefectures by microwave radio relay; the remainder of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone

international:
international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service)
NA
Telephones - main lines in use 15,000 (1995) NA
Telephones - mobile cellular NA

note:
however, Rwanda has mobile cellular service between Kigali and several prefecture capitals (2000)
NA
Television broadcast stations 2 (1997) NA
Terrain mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with altitude declining from west to east mountainous
Total fertility rate 4.89 children born/woman (2001 est.) 3.79 children born/woman (2003 est.)
Unemployment rate NA% 50% (including underemployment)
Waterways note:
Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft
NA
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